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Keyframe

In computer animation, a keyframe represents a value we want to reach at a certain point in time for a given property.
In Godot, keyframes are part of an animation track, which controls the value of a given property over the length of the animation. They are represented by a little diamond icon in the Animation editor.
In this image, you can see some keyframes as part of an animation track. They animate the position property of a Sprite2D node.
Keyframes in the Animation editor
When playing an animation, the computer reads keyframes before and after the current playback time and interpolates between them: The computer calculates intermediate values between the two keyframes to produce a smooth animation.